Research — Global Emergency Care Initiative

The University of Colorado Global Emergency Care Initiative promotes ethical research, supports research networks, and disseminates evidence that may help protect, promote, and restore health amongst those with acute and emergency conditions worldwide.

selected Research Publications

2023

Bhaumik, D., Bhaumik, S. S., Thaker, A. A., Timpone, V. M., Bills, C. B., Patten, L., Pattee, J., Chow, D., Sugrue, L. P., & Callen, A. L. (2023). Ordering Characteristics Predictive of Noncontrast CT Head Positivity in the Emergency Department. Academic radiology, 30(3), 492–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2022.05.001.

Hirner S, Dhakal J, Broccoli MC, Ross M, Calvello Hynes E, Bills C. Defining measures of emergency care access in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2023;13:e067884. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2022-067884.

Mould-Millman, N. K., Dixon, J., Beaty, B. L., Suresh, K., de Vries, S., Bester, B., Moreira, F., Cunningham, C., Moodley, K., Cermak, R., Schauer, S. G., Maddry, J. K., Bills, C. B., Havranek, E. P., Bebarta, V. S., & Ginde, A. A. (2023). Improving prehospital traumatic shock care: implementation and clinical effectiveness of a pragmatic, quasi-experimental trial in a resource-constrained South African setting. BMJ open, 13(4), e060338. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060338.

Mould-Millman, N. K., Dixon, J. M., Lategan, H. J., Beaty, B., Fosdick, B., Fleischer, C., de Vries, S., Schauer, S. G., Steyn, E., Verster, J., Hodsdon, L., Mukonkole, S., Doubell, K., Stassen, W., Keenan, S., Cunningham, C., Moore, E. E., Ginde, A. A., & Bebarta, V. S. (2023). Feasibility of conducting a military-relevant multicenter cohort study to assess outcomes of early trauma resuscitative interventions in a prolonged care civilian setting. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, 95(2S Suppl 1), S88–S98. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000004066.

Pickering, A. E., Malherbe, P., Nambuba, J., Bills, C. B., Hynes, E. C., & Rice, B. (2023). Clinical emergency care quality indicators in Africa: a scoping review and data summary. BMJ open, 13(5), e069494. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069494.

Relan, P., Garbern, S. C., O'Reilly, G., Bills, C. B., Schultz, M., Kivlehan, S., Trehan, I., & Becker, T. K. (2023). Emergency care interventions for paediatric severe acute respiratory infections in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Journal of global health, 13, 04065. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.13.04065.

Ross M, Wendel SK. Oxygen inequity in the COVID pandemic and beyond. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2023;11(1):e2200360. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-22-00360.

2022

Bhaumik, S., Hannun, M., Dymond, C., DeSanto, K., Barrett, W., Wallis, L. A., & Mould-Millman, N. K. (2022). Prehospital triage tools across the world: a scoping review of the published literature. Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine, 30(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-022-01019-z.

Fruhan, S., & Bills, C. B. (2022). Association of a Callback Program With Emergency Department Revisit Rates Among Patients Seeking Emergency Care. JAMA network open, 5(5), e2213154. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.13154.

Garbern, S. C., Relan, P., O'Reilly, G. M., Bills, C. B., Schultz, M., Trehan, I., Kivlehan, S. M., & Becker, T. K. (2022). A systematic review of acute and emergency care interventions for adolescents and adults with severe acute respiratory infections including COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries. Journal of global health, 12, 05039. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.12.05039

Kivlehan, S.M., Rybarczyk, M.M., Genisca, A.E., Lubetkin, D., Kharel, R., Lee, J.A., Michaeli, N., Hynes, E.J.C., Dixon, J., Leifer, N. and Karim, N., 2022. Comparative Effectiveness of an In-Person and a Virtual Basic Emergency Care Instructor Course. Annals of Global Health, 88(1), p.35. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.3602.

Mould-Millman NK, Dixon JM, van Ster B, Moreira F, Bester B, Cunningham C, de Vries S, Beaty B, Suresh K, Schauer SG, Maddry JK, Wallis LA, Bebarta VS, Ginde AA. Clinical impact of a prehospital trauma shock bundle of care in South Africa. Afr J Emerg Med. 2022 Mar;12(1):19-26. doi: 10.1016/j.afjem.2021.10.003. Epub 2021 Dec 28. PMID: 35004137; PMCID: PMC8718736.

Mould-Millman, N. K., Baidwan, N. K., Beaty, B., Suresh, K., Dixon, J. M., Patel, C., de Vries, S., Lategan, H. J., Steyn, E., Verster, J., Schauer, S. G., Becker, T. E., Cunningham, C., Keenan, S., Moore, E. E., Wallis, L. A., Ginde, A. A., & Bebarta, V. S. (2022). Prolonged casualty care: Extrapolating civilian data to the military context. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, 93(2S Suppl 1), S78–S85. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000003675

Suresh, K., Dixon, J.M., Patel, C., Beaty, B., Del Junco, D.J., de Vries, S., Lategan, H.J., Steyn, E., Verster, J., Schauer, S.G. and Becker, T.E., 2022. The epidemiology and outcomes of prolonged trauma care (EpiC) study: methodology of a prospective multicenter observational study in the Western Cape of South Africa. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine, 30(1), pp.1-11.

Theron, E., Bills, C. B., Calvello Hynes, E. J., Stassen, W., & Rublee, C. (2022). Climate change and emergency care in Africa: A scoping review. African journal of emergency medicine : Revue africaine de la medecine d'urgence, 12(2), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2022.02.003.

2021

Ahn B, Mupere E, Irarrázaval B, Opoka RO, Aanyu-Tukamuhebwa H, Bills CB, Gingo D, Glomb NW. Qualitative needs assessment for paediatric emergency care in Kampala, Uganda. Afr J Emerg Med. 2021 Jun;11(2):277-282. doi: 10.1016/j.afjem.2021.03.001. Epub 2021 Apr 8.

Amme S, Shemsi S, Lippi M, Awol A, Ahmed G, Jarso H, Koshe T, Ahmed M, Suleman S, Gizaw G, Melkamu G, Olani A, Yimam E, Legese S, Mould-Millman NK. The morbidity burden from emergency conditions in Jimma city, Southwest Ethiopia. Int Emerg Nurs. 2021 Mar;55:100874. doi: 10.1016/j.ienj.2020.100874. Epub 2020 May 29.

Barros, L., Pigoga, J., Chea, S., Hansoti, B., Hirner, S., Papali, A., Rudd, K., Schultz, M., and Calvello Hynes, E.J. Pragmatic Recommendations for Identification and Triage of Patients with COVID-19 Disease in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Special issue. 2021 Jan 6;104(3_Suppl):3-11. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1064.

Broccoli, M., Dixon, J., Skarpiak, B., Phiri, G., Muck, A., Calvello Hynes, E.J. Application of the World Health Organization’s Basic Emergency Care course in Zambia. African Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2021; Mar;11(1):140-143 doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2020.09.011

Dixon J, Burkholder T, Pigoga J, Lee M, Moodley K, de Vries S, Wallis L, Mould-Millman NK. Using the South African Triage Scale for prehospital triage: a qualitative study. BMC Emerg Med. 2021 Oct 30;21(1):125. doi: 10.1186/s12873-021-00522-3.

Fruhan, S., & Bills, C. B. (2021). Odds of return: a prospective study using provider assessment to predict short-term patient return visits to the emergency department. BMJ open, 11(12), e053918. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053918.

Grassini M, Terp S, Fischer B, Ahmed S, Ross M, Frenzen N, Burner E, Parmar P. Characteristics of Deaths Among Individuals in US Immigration and Customs Enforcement Detention Facilities, 2011-2018. JAMA Netw Open. July 2021; 4(7): e2116019. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.16019.

Hirner, S., Pigoga, J. L., Naidoo, A. V., Calvello Hynes, E. J., Omer, Y. O., Wallis, L. A., & Bills, C. B. (2021). Potential solutions for screening, triage, and severity scoring of suspected COVID-19 positive patients in low-resource settings: a scoping review. BMJ open, 11(9), e046130. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046130.

Kivlehan SM, Dixon J, Kalanzi J, Sawe HR, Chien E, Robert J, Wallis L, Reynolds TA. Strengthening emergency care knowledge and skills in Uganda and Tanzania with the WHO-ICRC Basic Emergency Care Course. Emerg Med J. 2021 Aug;38(8):636-642. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2020-209718.

Losonszy, L, Papali, A., Kivelhan, S., Calvello Hynes, E.J. et al. Early Critical Care Services in Low Resource Settings in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Annals of Global Health, 2021; 87(1): 105, 1-19. DOI: https://doi. org/10.5334/aogh.3377

Malik, L. Calvello Hynes, E.J., Whitfield, J. Healthier in Juarez – The Need for Improved Medical Care for Migrants Detained at the US-Mexico Border. The Columbia University Journal of Global Health. Spring, 2021. XI(I): 1-6.

Mould-Millman NK, Dixon JM, Burkholder T, Pigoga JL, Lee M, de Vries S, Moodley K, Meier M, Colborn K, Patel C, Wallis LA. Validity and reliability of the South African Triage Scale in prehospital providers. BMC Emerg Med. 2021 Jan 15;21(1):8. doi: 10.1186/s12873-021-00406-6.

Mould-Millman NK, Mata L, Schauer SG, Dixon J, Keenan S, Holcomb JB, Tobin JM, Moore E, de Vries S, Bedard A, Bebarta VS, Ginde AA. Defining Combat-Relevant Endpoints for Early Trauma Resuscitation Research in a Resource-Constrained Civilian Setting. Med J (Ft Sam Houst Tex). 2021 Jul-Sep;PB 8-21-07/08/09(PB 8-21-07-08-09):3-14.

Mould-Millman NK, Dixon JM, van Ster B, Moreira F, Bester B, Cunningham C, de Vries S, Beaty B, Suresh K, Schauer SG, Maddry JK, Wallis LA, Bebarta VS, Ginde AA. Clinical impact of a prehospital trauma shock bundle of care in South Africa. Afr J Emerg Med. 2022 Mar;12(1):19-26. doi: 10.1016/j.afjem.2021.10.003. Epub 2021 Dec 28.

Parmar P, Ross M, Terp S, Kearl N, Fischer B, Grassini M, Ahmed S, Frenzen N, Burner E. Mapping Factors Associated with Deaths in Immigration Detention in the United States, 2011-2018: A Thematic Analysis. The Lancet Regional Health – Americas. October 2021; Vol 2. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2021.100040.

Rublee, C., Bills, C.B., Theron, E., Brysiewicz, P., Singh, S., Smith, W., On-Emore Akpevwe, P., Abdulrazaq Ali, L., Dauda, E., Calvello Hynes, E.J. Outcomes of a Climate Change Workshop at the 2020 African Conference on Emergency Medicine. African Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2021, 11:3, 372-377 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2021.05.003

Rublee, C., Bills, C.B., Sorensen, C., Lemery, J., Calvello Hynes, E.J. At Ground Zero – Emergency Units in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Building Resilience for Climate Change and Human Health. World Medical & Health Policy. 2021 http://doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.417.

Terp S, Ahmed S, Burner E, Ross M, Grassini M, Fischer B, Parmar P. Deaths in Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Detention: FY2018-2020. AIMS Public Health, January 2021, 8(1): 81-89. doi:10.3934/publichealth.2021006.

Whitfield JJ. All the death we cannot see. Acad Emerg Med. 2022 Feb;29(2):263-264. doi: 10.1111/acem.14372. Epub 2021 Sep 7.

Whitfield J. Sidebar: Substance Use Peer Support: Needed More Than Ever. N C Med J. 2021 Sep-Oct;82(5):358-359. doi: 10.18043/ncm.82.5.358.

Winders WT, Garbern SC, Bills CB, Relan P, Schultz ML, Trehan I, Kivlehan SM, Becker TK, McQuillan R. The effects of mobile health on emergency care in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. J Glob Health. 2021 Apr 3;11:04023. doi: 10.7189/jogh.11.04023.

Winders WT, Bustamante ND, Garbern SC, Bills C, Coker A, Trehan I, Osei-Ampofo M, Levine AC; GEMLR. Establishing the Effectiveness of Interventions Provided to First Responders to Prevent and/or Treat Mental Health Effects of Response to a Disaster: A Systematic Review. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2021 Feb;15(1):115-126. doi: 10.1017/dmp.2019.140.

2020

Bills CB, Newberry JA, Rao GVR, Matheson LW, Rao S, Mahadevan SV, Strehlow MC. Acute respiratory illness among a prospective cohort of pediatric patients using emergency medical services in India: Demographic and prehospital clinical predictors of mortality. PLoS One. 2020 Apr 2;15(4):e0230911. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230911.

Broccoli, M., Dixon, J., Skarpiak, B., Phiri, G., Muck, A., Calvello Hynes, E.J. Application of the World Health Organization’s Basic Emergency Care course in Zambia. African Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2020; doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2020.09.011

Calvello Hynes, E., & Bills, C. Emergency Care Systems: The missing link for effective treatment of COVID-19 in Africa. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 2020, 1-3. doi:10.1017/dmp.2020.239

Dixon, J., Comstock, G., Burkholder, T., Whitfield, J., Richards, D., Mould-Millman, N.K., Calvello Hynes, E.J. Emergency Management of Traumatic Brain Injuries: A Resource Tiered Review. African Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2020; 10:3, 159-166. doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2020.05.006.

GBD 2017 Lower Respiratory Infections Collaborators. Quantifying risks and interventions that have affected the burden of lower respiratory infections among children younger than 5 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Jan;20(1):60-79. (Bills CB as member of the GBD Lower Respiratory Infections Collaborators) doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30410-4.

Ing RJ, Bills C, Merritt G, Ragusa R, Bremner RM, Bellia F. Role of Helmet-Delivered Noninvasive Pressure Support Ventilation in COVID-19 Patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2020 Oct;34(10):2575-2579. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.04.060. Epub 2020 May 8.

Kavuma P, Turyakira P, Bills CB, Kalanzi J. Analysis of Financial Management in Public Emergency Medical Services sector: Case study of the Department of Emergency Medical Services, Uganda. African Journal of Emergency Medicine. Afr J Emerg Med. Jul 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.afjem.2020.06.009

Kuymar, S. Verma, V. Kushwaha, U., Calvello Hynes, E.J., Arya, A. Agarwal, A. Prevalence and association of depression in in-patient orthopaedic trauma patients: a single centre study in India. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2020; 11 (Supplement 4): S573-S577 doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2019.12.010.

Lindquist BD, Koval KW, Acker PC, Bills CB, Khan A, Zachariah S, Newberry JA, Rao GVR, Mahadevan SV, Strehlow MC. Continuing Education for Prehospital Healthcare Providers in India - A Novel Course and Concept. Open Access Emerg Med. 2020 Sep 17;12:201-210. doi: 10.2147/OAEM.S249447.

Newberry JA, Bills CB, Matheson L, Zhang X, Gimkala A, Ramana Rao GV, Janagama SR, Mahadevan SV, Strehlow MC. A profile of traumatic injury in the prehospital setting in India: A prospective observational study across seven states. Injury. 2020 Feb;51(2):286-293. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2019.11.020. Epub 2019 Nov 11.

Sorensen, C. Salas, R., Hess, J., Rublee, C., Hill, K, Barlett, E., Charlton, P., Dymond, C., Fockele, C., Harper, R., Barot, S., Calvello Hynes, E.J., Hess, J., Lemery, J. Clinical Implications of Climate Change on U.S. Emergency Medicine: Challenges and Opportunities. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2020; 76(2): 168-178 doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.03.010.

Winders W, Bustamante N, Bills CB, Chow SG, Coker A, Trehan I, Osei-Ampofo M, Levine A. Establishing the effectiveness of interventions provided to first responders to prevent and/or treat mental health effects of response to a disaster: a systematic review. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. Feb 2020:1-12. DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2019.140.

2019

Burkholder T, Hill K, Calvello Hynes EJ. Developing emergency care systems: a human rights-based approach. Bull World Health Organ. 2019;97:612–619.

Carlson L, Wallis L, Reynolds T, Calvello Hynes EJ. Reconceptualising the role of emergency care in the context of global health-care delivery Health Policy Plan. 2019, 1–5, doi.10.1093/heapol/czy111

Dixon J, Lupez K, De Vries S, Wallis LA, Ginde, A, Mould-Millman NK. The burden of trauma at a district hospital in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Afr J Emerg Med. 2019;9(Suppl):S14– S20. doi:10.1016/j.afjem.2019.01.007.

GBD 2017 Lower Respiratory Infections Collaborators. Quantifying risks and interventions that have affected the burden of lower respiratory infections among children younger than 5 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Jan;20(1):60-79. doi: 10.1016/S1473- 3099(19)30410-4. Epub 2019 Oct 31. (Bills CB as a member of the GBD 2017 LRI Collaborators)

Kuymar S, Verma V, Kushwaha U, Calvello Hynes EJ, Arya A, Agarwal A. Prevalence and association of depression in in-patient orthopaedic trauma patients: a single centre study in India. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2019; doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2019.12.010

Lemery J, Sorensen C, Balbus J, Newman L, Davis C, Reno E, Salas R, Calvello Hynes EJ. Science policy training for a new physician leader. AEM Educ Train. 2019;0:1-10. doi: 10.1002/aet2.10323

Moresky R, Razzak J, Reynolds T, Wallis L, Wachira B, Nyirenda M, Carlo W, Lin J, Patel S, Bhoi S, Risko N, Calvello Hynes EJ. Advancing research on emergency care systems in low-income and middle-income countries: ensuring high-quality care delivery systems. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4:e001265.

Mould-Millman NK, Dixon J, Burkholder TW, et al. Fifteen years of emergency medicine literature in Africa: A scoping review. Afr J Emerg Med. 2019;9(1):45–52. doi:10.1016/j.afjem.2019.01.006

Mould-Millman NK, Dixon J, Lamp A, et al. A single-site pilot implementation of a novel trauma training program for prehospital providers in a resource-limited setting. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2019;5:143. Published 2019 Dec 5. doi:10.1186/s40814-019-0536-0.

Newberry JA, Bills CB, Matheson L, Zhang X, Gimkala A, Ramana Rao GV, Janagama SR, Mahadevan SV, Strehlow MC. A profile of traumatic injury in the prehospital setting in India: A prospective observational study across seven states. Injury. 2019 Nov 11. pii: S0020-1383(19)30717-X. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2019.11.020.

Newberry JA, Bills CB, Pirrotta EA, Barry M, Ramana Rao GV, Mahadevan SV, Strehlow MC. Timely access to care for patients with critical burns in India: a prehospital prospective observational study. Emerg Med J. 2019 Mar;36(3):176-182. doi:10.1136/emermed-2018-207900. Epub 2019 Jan 11.

Risko, N., Chandra, A., Burkholder, T. W., Wallis, L. A., Reynolds, T., Calvello Hynes, E. J., & Razzak, J. (2019). Advancing research on the economic value of emergency care. BMJ global health, 4(Suppl 6), e001768. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001768

Schauer SG, April MD, Naylor JF, Mould-Millman NK, Bebarta VS, Becker TE, Maddry JK, Ginde AA. Incidence of Hyperoxia in Combat Wounded in Iraq and Afghanistan: A Potential Opportunity for Oxygen Conservation. Mil Med. 2019 Dec 1;184(11-12):661-667. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usz125.

Sultan M, Abebe Y, Tsadik AW, Ababa A, Yesus AG, Mould-Millman NK. Trends and barriers of emergency medical service use in Addis Ababa; Ethiopia. BMC Emerg Med. 2019;19(1):28. Published 2019 Apr 18. doi:10.1186/s12873-019-0242-5

Whitfield J. Travel Medicine and Vector-Borne Diseases. In: Markovchick VJ, Pons PT, Bakes KM, Buchanan JA, editors. Emergency medicine secrets. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; in press.

2018

Bae, C., Pigoga, J., M., Cox, M., Hollong, B., Kalanzi, J., Abbas, G., Wallis, L.A., Calvello Hynes, EJ. Evaluating emergency care capacity in Africa: An iterative, multi-country refinement of the Emergency Care Assessment Tool. BMJ Global Health. 2018;3:e001138. doi:10.1136/ bmjgh-2018-001138.

Broccoli MC, Moresky R, Dixon J, Muya I, Taubman C, Wallis L, Calvello Hynes EJ. Defining quality indicators for emergency care delivery: findings of an expert consensus process by emergency care practitioners in Africa. BMJ Glob Health. 2018;3(1): e000479. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000479. Epub 2018 Feb 15.

Broccoli MC, Pigoga J, Nyrienda M, Wallis LA, Calvello Hynes EJ. Essential medicines for emergency care in Africa. Emerg Med J. 2018 Jul;35(7):412-419. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2017-207396. Epub 2018 Apr 7. (Co-published in the African Journal of Emergency Medicine).

Geduld H, Calvello Hynes EJ, Wallis L, Reynolds T. Hospital proximity does not guarantee access to emergency care. Lancet Glob Health. 2018 Jul; 6(7):e731.

Mould-Millman NK, Meese H, Alattas I, Ido M, Yi I, Oyewumi O, Colman M, Frankel M, Yancey A. The accuracy of prehospital identification of stroke in a large stroke belt municipality. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018 Mar 29:1-9. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2018.1447620. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 29596006.

Richards D, Hunter L, Myers C, Forey K, Wylie E, Lategan H, Van Hoving D. Demographics and predictors of mortality in children undergoing resuscitation at Khayelitsha Hospital, Western Cape, South Africa. SAJCH. [Accepted Jan-2018]. Forthcoming 2018.

Schmid K, Mould-Millman NK, Quiros R, Montoya M, Lowenstein S. Teaching hands-only CPR in schools: a program evaluation in San José, Costa Rica. Ann Glob Health. [Accepted Jan-28-2018; Ref: AOGH-D-17-00124]. Forthcoming 2018.

2017

Mould-Millman NK, Dixon JM, Sefa N, Yancey A, Hollong BG, Hagahmed M, Ginde AA, Wallis LA. The state of emergency medical services (EMS) in Africa. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017 Jun; 32(3):273-283. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X17000061. Epub 2017 Feb 23.

Murphy DL, Oberfoell SH, Trent SA, French AJ, Kim DJ, Richards DB. Validation of a low-cost optic nerve sheath ultrasound phantom: An educational tool. J Med Ultrasound. 2017 Apr-Jun;25(2):96-100. doi: 10.1016/j.jmu.2017.01.003. Epub 2017 Mar 8.

Nicolson B, McCollough C, Wachira B, Mould-Millman NK. Emergency medical services (EMS) training in Kenya: findings and recommendations from an educational assessment. Afr J Emerg Med. AFJEM_2017_28_R1[Online publication: 2017 Aug 8. doi: 10.1016/j.afjem.2017.06.002].

Oberfoell S, Murphy D, French A, Trent S, Richards D. Inter-rater reliability of sonographic optic nerve sheath diameter measurements by emergency medicine physicians. J Ultrasound Med. 2017 Aug;36(8):1579-84. doi: 10.7863/ultra.16.05055. Epub 2017 Apr 3.

Tyler MD, Richards DB, Reske-Nielsen C, Saghafi O, Morse EA, Carey R, Jacquet GA. The epidemiology of drowning in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2017 May 8;17(1):413. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4239-2.

Sorensen C, Borbor-Cordova M, Calvello Hynes EJ, Diaz A, Lemer J, Stewart A. Climate variability, vulnerability and natural disasters: a case study of zika virus in Manabi, Ecuador following the 2016 earthquake. GeoHealth. 2017 Oct;1. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GH000104.

2016

Bellows JW. Shift relief. Acad Emerg Med. 2017 Feb;24(4), 494-95. doi:10.1111/acem.13149.

Burkholder TW, King RA. Emergency physicians as good samaritans: survey of frequency, locations, supplies and medications. West J Emerg Med. 2016 Jan;17(1):15-7. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2015.11.28884. Epub 2016 Jan 12.

Mould-Millman NK, Stein C, Wallis LA. Time to standardise levels of care amongst out-of-hospital emergency care providers in Africa. Afr J Emerg Med. 2016 Mar 31;6(1):54-5.

Schmid KM, Mould-Millman NK, Hammes A, Kroehl M, García RQ, McDermott MU, Lowenstein SR. Barriers and facilitators to community CPR education in San José, Costa Rica. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016 Oct;31(5):509-15. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X16000777. Epub 2016 Aug 5.

Stein C, Mould-Millman NK, De Vries S, Wallis L. Access to out-of-hospital emergency care in Africa: Consensus conference recommendations. Afr J Emerg Med. 2016 Sep 30;6(3):158-61.

2015

Broccoli M, Calvello EJB, Skog A, Wachira B, Wallis, L. Perceptions of emergency care in Kenyan communities lacking access to formalised emergency medical systems: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2015; 5:e009208. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009208.

Calvello EJB. Dawn of the new era – emergency care integration into African health systems. Invited editorial. Afr J Emerg Med. 2015; 5.

Calvello EJ, Tenner AG, Broccoli M, Skog A, Muck A, Tupesis J, et al. Operationalizing emergency care systems in sub-Saharan Africa: consensus-based recommendations for health care facilities. Emerg Med J. 2015;0:1–8. doi:10.1136/emermed-2015-204994

Calvello EJB, Skog A, Tenner A, Wallis LA. Decreasing delays during every emergency: applying lessons learned from Millennium Development Goal 5 to global emergency health. Bull World Health Organ. 2015; 93:417-423.

Mould-Millman NK, de Vries S, Stein C, Kafwamfwa M, Dixon J, Yancey A, Laba B, Overton J, McDaniel R, Wallis LA. Developing emergency medical dispatch systems in Africa–recommendations of the African Federation for Emergency Medicine/International Academies of Emergency Dispatch Working Group. Afr J Emerg Med. 2015 Sep 30;5(3):141-7.

Mould-Millman NK, Oteng R, Zakariah AN, Osei-Ampofo M, Oduro G, Barsan W, Kowalenko TK. Assessment of emergency medical services in the Ashanti region of Ghana. Ghana Med J. 2015 Sep;49(3):125-35. PMID: 26693186

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